What are ports? (Computer Networking)

In computer networking, a port is a communication endpoint. Physical as well as wireless connections are terminated at ports of hardware devices. At the software level, within an operating system, a port is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network service.

(What is Internet Protocol (IP)?) An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.

When you type in a web site address your computer is opening up a connection on a remote port and asking for the web pages to be sent to your computer. There are a total of 65535 ports total.

Common ports and how they are typically used are given below:

Port Number	Description
1	TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX)
5	Remote Job Entry (RJE)
7	ECHO
18	Message Send Protocol (MSP)
20	FTP -- Data
21	FTP -- Control
22	SSH Remote Login Protocol
23	Telnet
25	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
29	MSG ICP
37	Time
42	Host Name Server (Nameserver)
43	WhoIs
49	Login Host Protocol (Login)
53	Domain Name System (DNS)
69	Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
70	Gopher Services
79	Finger
80	HTTP
103	X.400 Standard
108	SNA Gateway Access Server
109	POP2
110	POP3
115	Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
118	SQL Services
119	Newsgroup (NNTP)
137	NetBIOS Name Service
139	NetBIOS Datagram Service
143	Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
150	NetBIOS Session Service
156	SQL Server
161	SNMP
179	Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
190	Gateway Access Control Protocol (GACP)
194	Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
197	Directory Location Service (DLS)
389	Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
396	Novell Netware over IP
443	HTTPS
444	Simple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP)
445	Microsoft-DS
458	Apple QuickTime
546	DHCP Client
547	DHCP Server
563	SNEWS
569	MSN
1080	Socks

Human Resource (HR)

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the most important department in any company or organization. It considers every employee of the company as its asset. Human resources are the people who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector, or economy. 

Human resource managers are in charge of many duties pertaining to their job. The duties include planning, recruitment, and selection process, posting job ads, evaluating the performance of employees, organizing resumes and job applications, scheduling interviews and assisting in the process and ensuring background checks.

What do professionals in HR careers do?
Human Resources specialists are responsible for recruiting, screening, interviewing and placing workers. They may also handle employee relations, payroll, benefits, and training. Human resources managers plan, direct and coordinate the administrative functions of an organization. They oversee specialists in their duties; consult with executives on strategic planning, and link a company's management with its employees.
HR specialists tend to focus on a single area, such as recruiting or training. HR generalists handle a number of areas and tasks simultaneously. Small companies will typically have one or two HR generalists on staff, while larger ones may have many devoted to particular areas and services.

Some typical daily tasks for an HR worker include:

· Consult with employers to identify needs and preferred qualifications
· Interview applicants about their experience, education, and skills
· Contact references and perform background checks
· Inform applicants about job details such as benefits and conditions
· Hire or refer qualified candidates
· Conduct new employee orientations
· Process paperwork

HR managers will also:
· Plan and coordinate the workforce to best use employees' talents
· Resolve issues between management and employees
· Advise managers on policies like equal employment opportunity and sexual harassment
· Coordinate and supervise the work of specialists and staff
· Oversee recruitment and hiring process
· Direct disciplinary procedures

Front-End and Back-End Web Development

Front-End refers to the client-side, whereas Back-End refers to the server-side of the application. Both are crucial to web development, but their roles, responsibilities and the environments they work in are totally different. Front-End is basically what users see whereas Back-End is how everything works.

Front-End and Back-End

Full-Stack: Web developers who handle both front-end and back-end work are called full-stack developers.

Turn Direct Memory Access (DMA) ON or OFF

Turn Direct Memory Access (DMA) on or off

You must be logged on as an administrator to perform these steps.

Direct Memory Access (DMA) is usually turned on by default for devices such as hard disks and CD or DVD drives that support DMA. However, you might need to turn on DMA manually if the device was improperly installed or if a system error occurred.

• (To open Device Manager first open RUN (Windows + R) then, on the RUN box type DEVMGMT.MSC and OK) If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
• Double-click IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers.
• Under IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers, for each item that has the word Channel as part of its label, right-click the item, and then click Properties.
• Click the Advanced Settings tab. Under Device Properties, select or clear the Enable DMA check box, and then click OK.

What Direct Memory Access (DMA)?

Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory (random-access memory), independent of the central processing unit (CPU).

Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed input/output, it is typically fully occupied for the entire duration of the read or write operation, and is thus unavailable to perform other work. With DMA, the CPU first initiates the transfer, then it does other operations while the transfer is in progress, and it finally receives an interrupt from the DMA controller (DMAC) when the operation is done. This feature is useful at any time that the CPU cannot keep up with the rate of data transfer, or when the CPU needs to perform work while waiting for a relatively slow I/O data transfer. Many hardware systems use DMA, including disk drive controllers, graphics cards, network cards and sound cards. DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in multi-core processors. Computers that have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much less CPU overhead than computers without DMA channels. Similarly, a processing element inside a multi-core processor can transfer data to and from its local memory without occupying its processor time, allowing computation and data transfer to proceed in parallel.

DMA can also be used for "memory to memory" copying or moving of data within memory. DMA can offload expensive memory operations, such as large copies or scatter-gather operations, from the CPU to a dedicated DMA engine. An implementation example is the I/O Acceleration Technology. DMA is of interest in network-on-chip and in-memory computing architectures.

.NET Framework

.NET Framework. A programming infrastructure created by Microsoft for building, deploying, and running applications and services that use .NET technologies, such as desktop applications and Web services.

 

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.NET Framework is a Windows-only version of .NET for building any type of app that runs on Windows.

Overview of the .NET Framework

The .NET Framework is a technology that supports building and running the next generation of apps and XML Web services. The .NET Framework is designed to fulfill the following objectives:

• To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object code is stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.

• To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes software deployment and versioning conflicts.

• To provide a code-execution environment that promotes safe execution of code, including code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.

• To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance problems of scripted or interpreted environments.

• To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of apps, such as Windows-based apps and Web-based apps.

• To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on the .NET Framework integrates with any other code.

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RUN COMMANDS

The Run command on operating system such as Microsoft Windows and Unix-like systems is used to directly open an application or document whose path is known.

Thirty  Five most used Run Commands for Windows users

1. control: This is a Run Command to quickly access Windows 10 Control Panel. However, some users are used to open the Control Panel by Start menu or Windows 10 Power user menu.

2. taskmgr: This is a Run Command to open Task Manager as quickly as by right-clicking on the blank area of Windows 10 taskbar.

3. cmd: There are more options to open Command Prompt in Windows 10, this command is just one of shortcuts.

4. netplwiz: The common User Account is in Windows Control Panel, while this command opens the advanced User Accounts window.

5. regedit: A power user may need to open Registry Editor to make changes to Windows registry. With this command, you can quickly access Registry Editor.

6. lusrmgr.msc: Running this command, you can open Local Users and Groups manager where you can edit properties of all your users and groups.

7. appwiz.cpl: This Run Command quickly opens the Programs and Features window where you can uninstall programs and apps in Windows 10.

8. desk.cpl: It's a shortcut allowing you to change your Windows screen resolution.

9. powercfg.cpl: Running this command will directly open the Power Options window which is buried in Control Panel.

10. main.cpl: This command can help you access Mouse Properties dialog where you can change settings of the mouse connected to your computer.

11. snippingtool: If you are wondering How to Take Screenshots on Microsoft Surface Tablet, this Run Command is just the shortcut to open Windows built-in Snipping Tool, with which you can not only take a screenshot but also edit the screenshot.

12. logoff: This Run Command is a less known quick way to sign out of Windows 10.

13. msconfig: This command opens System Configuration dialog where you can change some of the system settings in Windows.

14. diskmgmt.msc: This Run Command helps you open Windows 10 Disk Management where you can manage the hard disk partition on your computer.

15. chrome/firefox/iexplore: Running chrome or firefox command can launch Chrome or Firefox browser if it’s installed on your Windows 10, and the iexplore command can open Internet Explorer.

16. calc: Open Windows built-in calculator app for you.

17. compmgmt.msc:  Open Computer Management window.

18. gpedit.msc:  Open Local Group Policy Editor.

19. cleanmgr:  Open Disk Cleanup utility.

20. sysdm.cpl:  Opens System Properties window.

21. inetcpl.cpl: Open Internet properties window

22. ncpa.cpl: Open Network Connections window

23. temp: Open Windows temp folder

24. %temp%: Open temp folder (appda/local)

25. prefetch: Open Windows prefetch folder

26. appdata: Open hidden Windows appdata folder

27. dxdiag: Open diagnostics tool (used to test DirectX functionality and troubleshoot video- or 

sound-related hardware problems.)

28. devmgmt.msc: Open Device Manager

29. cmd: Open Command prompt

30. services.msc: Open Windows services

31. winword: Open Microsoft Word (MS Office)

32. excel: Open Microsoft Excel (MS Office)

33. mspaint: Open paint

34. notepad: Open notepad

35. wordpad: Open wordpad

CMD COMMANDS UNDER WINDOWS

CMD, cmd (after its command name) or cmd.exe (after its executable file name), also known as Command Prompt (after the default window title), is the command-line interpreter in the OS/2, eComStation, Windows NT, Windows CE, and ReactOS operating systems. It is the counterpart of COMMAND.COM in DOS and Windows 9x systems, and analogous to the Unix shells used on Unix-like systems. The initial version of cmd.exe for Windows NT was developed by Therese Stowell.

Operation: cmd.exe interacts with the user through a command-line interface. In Windows, this interface is implemented through the Win32 console. cmd.exe may take advantage of features available to native programs of its own platform. For example, in OS/2, it can use real pipes in command pipelines, allowing both sides of the pipeline to run concurrently. As a result, it is possible to redirect the standard error stream. (COMMAND.COM uses temporary files, and runs the two sides serially, one after the other.)

CMD COMMANDS UNDER WINDOWS ARE GIVEN:

CMD command	DESCRIPTION
Basics:
call	calls a batch file from another one
cd	change directory
cls	clear screen
cmd	start command prompt
color	change console color
date	show/set date
dir	list directory content
echo	text output
exit	exits the command prompt or a batch file
find	find files
hostname	display host name
pause	pauses the execution of a batch file and shows a message
runas	start a program as another user
shutdown	shutdown the computer
sort	sort the screen output
start	start an own window to execute a program or command
taskkill	terminate a process or a application
tasklist	display applications and related tasks
time	display/edit the system time
timeout	wait any time
title	set title for prompt
ver	display operating system version
w32tm	setting time synchronisation/time server/time zone
Network:
ftp	transfer files to a FTP server
ftype	display file type and mapping
getmac	display MAC address
ipconfig	display IP network settings
netsh	configure/control/display network components
netstat	display TCP/IP connections and status
nslookup	query the DNS
pathping	test the connection to a specific IP address
ping	pings the network
route	display network routing table, add static routes
systeminfo	displays computer-specific properties and configurations
telnet	establish Telnet connection
tftp	transfer files to a TFTP server
tracert	trace routes similar to patchping
Files:
attrib	display file attributes
comp	compare file contents
compact	display/change file compression
copy / xcopy	copy files
diskcomp	compare content of two floppy disks
diskcopy	copy floppy disc to another one
erase / del	delete one or more files
expand	extract files
fc	copare files and display the differences
mkdir	create a new directory
move	move/rename files
rename	rename files
replace	replace files
rmdir / rd	delete directory
tree	display folder structure graphically
type	display content of text files
Media:
chkdsk	check volumes
chkntfs	display/change volume check at startup
defrag	defragment media
diskpart	volume management
driverquery	display installed devices and their properties
format	format volumes
label	change volume name
mode	configure interfaces/devices
mountvol	assign/delete drive mount-points
verify	monitoring whether volumes are written correctly
vol	show volume description and serial numbers of the HDDs
Miscellaneous:
for	for loop
gpresult	display group policies
gpupdate	update group policies
perfmon	start performance monitor
prompt	change command prompt
reg	add/read/import/export registry entries